An Introduction to Academic Writing

Students, professors, and researchers in every discipline use academic writing to convey ideas, make arguments, and engage in scholarly conversation. Academic writing is characterized by evidence-based arguments, precise word choice,  logical organization, and an impersonal tone. Though sometimes thought of as long-winded or inaccessible, strong academic writing is quite the opposite: It informs, analyzes, and persuades in a straightforward manner and enables the reader to engage critically in a scholarly dialogue. Examples of Academic Writing   Academic  writing is, of course, any formal written work produced in an academic setting. While academic writing comes in many forms, the following are some of the most common. Literary analysis: A literary analysis essay examines, evaluates, and makes an argument about a literary work. As its name suggests, a literary analysis essay goes beyond mere summarization. It requires careful close reading of one or multiple texts and often focuses on a specific characteristic, theme, or motif. Research paper: A research paper uses outside information to support a thesis or make an argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. Common research sources include data, primary sources (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer-reviewed scholarly articles). Writing a research paper involves synthesizing this external information with your own ideas. Dissertation: A dissertation (or thesis) is a document submitted at the conclusion of a Ph.D. program. The dissertation is a book-length summarization of the doctoral candidate’s research. Academic papers may be done as a part of a class, in a program of study, or for publication in an academic journal or scholarly book of articles around a theme, by different authors. Characteristics of Academic Writing Most academic disciplines employ their own stylistic conventions. However, all academic writing shares certain characteristics. Clear and limited focus. The focus of an academic paper—the argument or research question—is established early by the thesis statement. Every paragraph and sentence of the paper connects back to that primary focus. While the paper may include background or contextual information, all content serves the purpose of supporting the thesis statement.Logical structure. All academic writing follows a logical, straightforward structure. In its simplest form, academic writing includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction provides background information, lays out the scope and direction of the essay, and states the thesis. The body paragraphs support the thesis statement, with each body paragraph elaborating on one supporting point. The conclusion refers back to the thesis, summarizes the main points, and highlights the implications of the paper’s findings. Each sentence and paragraph logically connects to the next in order to present a clea r argument.Evidence-based arguments. Academic writing requires well-informed arguments. Statements must be supported by evidence, whether from scholarly sources (as in a research paper), results of a study or experiment, or quotations from a primary text (as in a literary analysis essay). The use of evidence gives credibility to an argument.Impersonal tone. The goal of academic writing is to convey a logical argument from an objective standpoint. Academic writing avoids emotional, inflammatory, or otherwise biased language. Whether you personally agree or disagree with an idea, it must be presented accurately and objectively in your paper. Most published papers also have abstracts: brief summaries of the most important points of the paper. Abstracts appear in academic database search results so that readers can quickly determine whether the paper is pertinent to their own research. The Importance of Thesis Statements Let’s say you’ve just finished an analytical essay for your literature class. If a peer or professor asks you what the essay is about—what the point of the essay is—you should be able to respond clearly and concisely in a single sentence. That single sentence is your thesis statement. The thesis statement, found at the end of the first paragraph, is a one-sentence encapsulation of your essay’s main idea. It presents an overarching argument and may also identify the main support points for the argument. In essence, the thesis statement is a road map, telling the reader where the paper is going and how it will get there. The thesis statement plays an important role in the writing process. Once you’ve written a thesis statement, you’ve established a clear focus for your paper. Frequently referring back to that thesis statement will prevent you from straying off-topic during the drafting phase. Of course, the thesis statement can (and should) be revised to reflect changes in the content or direction of the paper. Its ultimate goal, after all, is to capture the main ideas of your paper with clarity and specificity. Common Mistakes to Avoid Academic writers from every field face similar challenges during the writing process. You can improve your own academic writing by avoiding these common mistakes. Wordiness. The goal of academic writing is to convey complex ideas in a clear, concise  manner. Don’t muddy the meaning of your argument by using confusing language. If you find yourself writing a sentence over 25 words long, try to divide it into two or three separate sentences for improved readability.A vague or missing thesis statement. The thesis statement is the single most important sentence in any academic paper. Your thesis statement must be clear, and each body paragraph needs to tie into that thesis.Informal language. Academic writing is formal in tone and should not include slang, idioms, or conversational language.Description without analysis. Do not simply repeat the ideas or arguments from your source materials. Rather, analyze those arguments and explain how they relate to your point.  Not citing sources. Keep track of your source materials throughout the research and writing process. Cite them consistently using one style manual (MLA, APA, or Chicago Manual of Style, depending on the guidelines given to you at the outset of the project). Any ideas that are not your own need to be cited, whether theyre paraphrased or quoted directly, to avoid plagiarism.

End of Mayan Civilization - 1143 Words

End of Mayan Civilization Samuel Nathaniel H. Stansbury HUM 111 11/3/2012 The mystery concerning the fundamental explanation for the collapse of the Mayan Civilization has been a major focus for researchers in the fields of anthropology and archeology for a considerable period of time. At the very core of this mystery of the Mayan collapse was the question of how could such a strong, stable civilization that had flourished for approximately twenty-seven hundred years disappear without a clear, rational explanation. As a result, researchers have put forth a large number of theories for the explanation of the collapse and subsequent decimation of the Mayan empire. Although it would be convenient or simple to put forth a theory†¦show more content†¦In addition, Cecil explains that a group of University of Florida scientists concluded that the time period of the Maya collapse, approximately 900 A.D., represented the driest time in the Mayan region for a 7,000 year period. This conclusion offered a theory that there was exceptional drought precisely a t the time of the decimation of the Mayan civilization (Cecil, 2011). Perhaps the best example for drought as the most rational theory for the Mayan collapse are the series of arguments put forth by Matthew Markowitz in the ICE Case Study- The Mayans, Climate Change, and Conflict. Although Markowitz acknowledges that warfare most likely was an accompanying factor with severe drought, it definitely was not the primary or underlying factor. For example, Markowitz explains that there always existed some form of warfare between Mayan states throughout their history and to some Mayan historians uncontrolled warfare was most likely one of the primary causes for the Mayan collapse (Markowitz, 2003). In contrast, the arguments by Markowitz concerning drought and severe climate change greatly outweigh warfare and represent the best possible theory for the Mayan collapse. The significant, fundamental factors of drought and climate change led researchers to conclude that the ecological/ enviro nmental surroundings of the Maya- most notably the tropical rainforest- wereShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics Of The Mayan Civilization814 Words   |  4 PagesMayan Civilization There were many incredible civilizations in mesoamerica including the Incas, Aztecs, and the Mayas. They all had many strengths and weaknesses but the strongest among them were the Mayans. The Mayans were a very advanced civilization who survived for many, many years. The Mayans were very advanced in astronomy. They could map out the stars, the planets, the sun, and the moon. They knew so much about astronomy that they built all of their buildings in perfect alignment with compassRead MoreMayan Civilization : Ancient Civilizations1314 Words   |  6 PagesMayan Civilization The mayan civilization was one of the earliest civilizations that occupied areas that are today known as Guatemala, Northern Belize, and Mexico. The mayan civilization lived through what is known as the Classic Period. Their culture began about 250 C.E. and ended near 900 C.E. While most of the population lived in what is present day Guatemala the population of the mayans rose from 5,000 to almost two million people near the end of the Classic Period. Although the mayans are knownRead MoreFactors That Affect The Rise And Fall Of Civilizations Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesRise and the Fall of Mayan Civilization Area and Egyptian Civilization Area In ancient time, environmental factors were very important. It directed the people to where they should settle to practice agriculture for their living. Among many different important environmental factors such as geography, geology, plant and animal species, agricultural potential, resource abundance, one of the most significants factors which influenced to the rise and the fall of civilizations is climate. In my paperRead MoreThe Decline Of The Mayan Civilization1196 Words   |  5 PagesThe rise of civilizations significantly increased as the world made its shift from the Paleolithic Era to the Neolithic Era and onward. The Mayan civilization arose as a part of Mesoamerica during the sixteenth century. Occupying the regions of Central America and Mexico, the Mayans had a strong impact on the world with militaristic and influence from the invention of advancements. The earliest record of the Mayan existence dates back to circa 400 B.C. The Mayan Civilization extended over a time Read MoreMayan, Aztec, Incan Dbq768 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mayan, Aztec, and Inca civilizations brought major accomplishments to the world today. These accomplishments established them as advanced societies during their time without the influence of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Some of these accomplishments ranged from agriculture to architecture and on to writing and trade. Such as, the Mayans with their agriculture system of chinampas and there monumental temple/pyramids, the Aztecs with their trading in the city of Tenochtitlan, and the IncasRead MoreThe Inspirations from the Mayan Ballgame1515 Words   |  7 Pageshas since fascinated historians and archaeologists to this day. Exploration and investigation has brought to light the great advancements these civilizations made in the areas of art, technology, and even astronomy. By means of examining and analyzing the remains, the massive structures and artifacts left behind by the early people of these civilizations, we have come to know of their rich culture and traditions. One group that we know a great deal of, the Classic Maya, exhibited a culture thatRead MoreThe Ancient Civilization1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe intrigue of The Mayans has always existed through the telling of their ritualistic practices or their calendar, but the fall of such an advanced civilization is perhaps the most intriguing story of all.To understand what causes great civilizations, it is vital to note the process of collapse in other civilizations, such as the great Roman Empire. Differences in time period, geographical landscapes, and other circumstances mean no direct correlations are possible, but the outstanding point ofRead MoreMayan Civilization and Culture1077 Words   |  5 Pages The Ancient Mayan civilization contained nearly two-thirds of Mesoamerica. The area included mostly volcanic mountains to porous limestone, also referred to as the lowlands in the more central regions. Mayan civilization extende d from Belize and Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula in the north, to Honduras in the south. What made the Mayans stand out to me the most, were their complex societies, which were built and modernized far ahead of its time in a tropical rainforest climate (Aissen, 1992). NormallyRead MoreThe Origins Of The Ancient Civilization1308 Words   |  6 PagesThat is what happened to the Mayans. In a time span of only one hundred years, the whole Maya population was wiped out. There are several theories about the cause of their decline. Due to their disappearance the great Mayan inventions were lost in time until modern day anthropologists discovered that they made their own calendar and language along with many other things. What anthropologists do know for sure is that the Mayans were an ancient Mesoamerican civilization dating back to 250 B.C â€Å"madeRead MoreHow Bloodletting And Human Sacrifice1235 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant in the life of the Mayans. The bloodletting allows the ruler the ability to communicate with the Gods and their ancestors. While the human sacrifice is connected to the continuation of the cosmos and the resurrection of the agricultural seasons. A summary and a discussion of the book Popol Vuh is presented, on the topic of reassurance theme of human sacrifice is addressed in this paper. The examination of how bloodletting and human sacrifice is crucial to the Mayan culture, and how these rituals

My Mother is My Hero - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 818 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: My Hero Essay Did you like this example? We all have someone we admire and want to be just like one day and we all have different opinions about what a true hero is. The person I consider my hero is my mother, Angela Rivera. My mom has been there for me through thick and thin and she’s never left my side, not once. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Mother is My Hero" essay for you Create order I wouldn’t know where I’d be in life today if I didn’t have her. She has brought me into this world and has done nothing but love me unconditionally and I am forever thankful for everything she does and has done for me. Nobody could ever replace my mother. She is the most humble, loving, and caring person I know and for that reason she is my hero. When I think of a hero, I imagine someone strong and fearless, someone who works hard and doesn’t give up easily. Someone who can guide you and protect you; my mother has all of those qualities. My mom was raised by two wonderful parents, in a farm with thirteen other siblings. She was born in Mexico in a small Ranch named, â€Å"La Campana† it is an hour away from the nearest town, which is called â€Å"Coalcoman.† For that reason she wasn’t able to finish school because in order to go to school my grandpa had to drive her and the rest of her siblings to town which was an hour away from where they lived. This required many trips because like I mentioned before, my mom has thirteen siblings. This didn’t stop my mom. Even though she only made it to the sixth grade she has always taught me and my siblings that getting an education is important and that we at least have to finish high school. So every day I wake up and go to school to make her proud. M y mother joined my father and came to the â€Å"land of the free,† the United States of America. They came here seeking for a fresh start and better economic opportunities. Both my parents worked in the fields every year, all year round to provide us with everything that we needed. After a few years of them being here my father decides to go back to Mexico alone, where he then was arrested. Ever since, my mother has worked very hard to make sure that we are okay. A hero to me is someone who is there for you no matter what, even through the toughest times. My mom has never left my side, and I know she will always be here no matter what I’m going through. Whether I’m upset or celebrating a new accomplishment, she will be there waiting for me with her arms wide open. I’ve never met a person more loving and caring than her. She has always put my siblings and I first over everything; giving us the best life. My mother and I don’t have the perfect relationship. We disagree on a lot of things and we sometimes get in arguments but that will never change the fact that she is my mom. No matter how big the fight is we always end up making up because we both know that we can’t live without each other. My mom has proven to us that she is very strong. A year after my dad left us we had a car accident. This changed many things in our lives, it turned everything around. We were told by the doctors that she would never be able to walk again; that only a miracle could make her walk again. This devastated us and my whole family. At the time my siblings and I were only kids this news hit us like a train. But my mom stayed strong, she went through every surgery to get better for us because without her she knew we were nothing. We are all very thankful that she’s alive and can be with us now. The fact that my mom has overcame all this makes her more of a hero to me than before. My mother is my hero and I hope for one day I can have all the qualities she has as a person and be just like her. My mom makes me feel like I’m her whole world, she’s always on top of everything; making sure I’m doing more than fine. Words could not express the love I have for her and how thankful I am of having such an amazing mom like her. I love her very dearly not just because the things she does for me but because she has never left my side. She is my hero for more than just a few reasons. She has made an impact in my life that without her I wouldn’t be the person I am today.

A Critical Analysis of the Policy Making Process in Public...

1. Introduction South Africa has changed over time and ever since the democratic elections lots of laws and policies have been changed as well. When a policy is being made it will always involve interaction between the population and the institutions that have to perform the policy making functions. Interaction takes place by means of elections, meetings between the people and officials, public opinion surveys, media campaigns, etc. No policy can be made in an disorderly manner, so if the information which is needed to decide on a new policy is not correct, no planning can be made. For example, if a policy must be made which involves the standards of schools, research surveys must be done in all the schools of the state. This must then be†¦show more content†¦The problem is the issue needs to be addressed, the player is the individual or group that is influential in forming a plan to address the problem in question, and the policy is the finalized course of action decided upon by the govern ment. (Schuster, 2009). The general public will make the government aware of an issue through writing letters and emails, or making phone calls to local government leaders, the issue is then brought forward during government meetings and the process for creating new public policies. 3.1 Key actors in public policy making process In essence Wasby (1973: 50) states that he population plays a huge role in policy making and that is why there will always be a numerous amount of role-players in policy-making. The main categories of actors in the policy making process are official actors who have statutory or constitutional responsibilities such as legislative, executive, and judiciary. Unofficial actors have participation with no explicit legal authority such as interest groups, media. Most of the critical work on public policy is done in committees, which review legislation, propose and vote on amendments, and, in the end, decide whether a bill will die at the committee level or be elevated for consideration by the full body. Legislatures consider bills submitted to them by the political executive office-bearers. The courts have the ability toShow MoreRelatedBidging The Gap Between Scholarship And Practice1200 Words   |  5 PagesThis analysis of the above journals will follow the same chronological order as the historical perspectives above. Two issues from each journal published within the last three years will be described and analyzed. Public Administration ReviewPAR volume 76 issue 1 was published in January/February 2016, volume 77 issue 2 was published in March/April 2017. Generally, one of the most noticeable aspects of these issues was the application of their goal to bridge the gap between academics and practitionersRead MoreSummary Of The Learning Competency Assessment1499 Words   |  6 PagesSchools of Public Affairs and Administration’s (NASPAA) five core competencies, I feel as though I have a much more complete vision of what the MPA program is set out to accomplish for me in my academic and professional lives. The various assignments included in this portfolio were included because I feel they best represent my best work in the MPA program. NAASPA’s core competencies, I believe, are the living heartbeat of the MPA program. They include the ability to lead and manage in public governanceRead MoreMy Choice for Growing through Higher Education Essay865 Words   |  4 Pagesupon our experiences. It is nuanced and the layers are added either by necessity or by choice. Furthering my education is growth by choice. My ultimate goal is a Doctorate in Public Administration. As a penultimate step, I am eager to earn a Master’s in Public Administration with a specialization in Government Administration. This decision came after careful consideration of my academic background, areas of interest, and ultimate career goals. My academic background consists of two phases. My firstRead MoreInstitutional Model Of An Organization Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pages1. Institutional Model According to Hanh, this is the traditional, classical approach. On a state level, the focus is on the structures, organization, duties and functions of governmental institutions. Policies are sometimes described, but never evaluated (unknown). This model is applied through the use of organization charts and is most times uninteresting to audiences. Organization charts have the advantage of addressing basic questions that anyone who wishes to be politically influential needsRead MorePolicy Making On Criminal Justice Issues1476 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Policy making is a very delicate issue, mainly on the grounds that it’s included a wide range of territories. Although policy are made to regulate an organization or business, by keeping all personnel on the same guidelines, if not followed by employees a company can lose financial increase and moral throughout the organization. Moreover, there are good and bad policy. According to Bank, 2013, Policy making on criminal justice issues including crime control control happens at a wide rangeRead MoreDecentralization Of Public Administration : Contemporary And Developing Nations1229 Words   |  5 Pages Decentralization in Public Administration: Contemporary Efficacy in Fiscal Affairs Lenna Sliney University of North Carolina at Pembroke Decentralization in Public Administration: Contemporary Efficacy in Fiscal Affairs Decentralization is a systems theory approach, but there is division in existing scholarship on a generalized operating definition and the causality or correlation with economic development, resulting in myriad conclusions on its efficacy and necessities for successful implementationRead MoreSummary of in the Shadow of the Organization by Robert Denhardt1575 Words   |  7 Pagesour individuality. The author states that the modern organizations and the way their administration work are the results of heavily borrowed principles of rationality and objectivity from the sciences. It has resulted in a one-sided focus of placing the rational goals of the organization above, and often in place of, those of the individual members of the organization. Denhardt relates science and administration by putting examples of many scientific theories which relate to the human and naturalRead MoreEthics in Criminal Justice Administration1433 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Ethics in Criminal Justice Administration CJA 484 Lori Madison Nowhere is ethical behavior more important than the administration of criminal justice. Lack of ethical behavior undermines the purpose of the criminal justice system. The cost of unethical behavior will be the downfall of the criminal justice system and only by gaining a true understanding of what ethical behavior is and how to maintain it will the system continue to flourish. While the ethical standard individualsRead MoreThe Ins and Outs of Public Administration985 Words   |  4 Pagesnecessary to perform the ongoing duties of a public administration. POSDCORB emphasizes professionalism, executive control functions, and organizational theory to governmental organizations for the sake of efficient management practices (Chalekian, 2013). Planning Planning involves the preparation for an organization to operate at desirable levels to achieve desirable outcomes. Decision making is involved to resolve various issues that may confront public administrators (Chalekian, 2013). Organizing Read MorePatrick J. Maneys The Roosevelt Presence: The Life and Legacy of FDR1560 Words   |  7 PagesPatrick J. Maneys The Roosevelt Presence: The Life and Legacy of FDR is a critical analysis of the policies, programs and decisions invoked by Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Maneys analysis and opinions of important historical events brought forth by Roosevelt such as The New Deal, Court Packing and World War II are off-beat to say the least. Maney attempts to bring to the table an objective analysis of FDRs life and policies, with hopes of indulging the reader in what he believes is the truth. Although

Portrait of the Artist as Filipino Scene I Free Essays

So far, A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino has been a story about the lives of the Marasigan sisters, Candida and Paula, and their father Don Lorenzo, a well known painter. The story is centered around Don Lorenzo’s latest creation, a rather disturbing painting of Aeneas carrying Anchises on his back as they flee from the sacked and burning city of Troy. The painting is a self portrait of Don Lorenzo’s younger self carrying his present self, and seems to leave everyone who has gazed upon it a touch unsettled, including the two sisters, who blame the painting for their misfortunes and for their impoverished state. We will write a custom essay sample on Portrait of the Artist as Filipino Scene I or any similar topic only for you Order Now In spite of the fact that the sisters are in need of money for the up keep of themselves and the house, they refuse to sell it for two thousand dollars and dont seem to want to get rid of it for any price at all or even to have it placed on a gallery for display. They have thus far in the story refused to be parted from it, even though they look to it with contempt. The fact that they do not wish to sell it under their current situation perplexes me. Why not just get rid of it for the substantial amount of money offered by Tony’s employer who is willing to pay two thousand dollars for it? If they really are indeed so desperately poor, that they waste their time looking through news paper articles for jobs, taking in strange men to live with them for fifteen pesos a month, and coming up with strange ideas. They could have gotten the money, kicked that Tony character out and lived in a state of dignity once again for a little while before they all died in Intramuros. In the first scene Candida even says something like â€Å"What’s the use in having a talent when you cant make any money out of it? † Well, there you go, Don Lorenzo produced something worth two grand, why not make money out of that? Pair of crazy dames indeed. The fact that the painting brings out different reactions in people is very interesting. Others would be ready to throw it in the trash, and for the rest, it’s worth a fortune. Some are afraid of it, and it takes people back to their past. Most of the reactions seem to be on a negative side, which is interesting. What is it about the double self portrait of Don Lorenzo that seems to unsettle everyone so much, and why is it called A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino? There’s apparently nothing Filipino about it, except for Don Lorenzo, who in the painting is portraying himself as characters from Greek and Roman epics. I can’t help but guess at the meaning of his terrible creation, and think that the painting is about a great burden, the burden being Don Lorenzo himself. He paints those eyes with such mastery that everyone in the room, and even beyond it feels the weight of its silent glare. How to cite Portrait of the Artist as Filipino Scene I, Papers

Holden Caulfield, the main character in J.D. Salin Essay Example For Students

Holden Caulfield, the main character in J.D. Salin Essay gers The Catcher in the Rye, is what I believe to be one of the most well-developed characters which I have read about. He has many characteristics that are all his own, such as the way he views the world, his friends and his family. One of the main things that characterizes Holden, is that way that he thinks the entire world is phony. Holdens view of the world as phony is a very strong one, and in most cases, is correct. Holden thinks that the majority of the people in the world are putting on some sort of an act to impress or befriend people. In a way, Holden is probably correct in thinking that most of the people he came in contact with are phony, such as his roommate at Pencey, Ward Stradlater. In one instance, Holden refers to Stradlater as a secret slob. He describes how Stradlater always tries to be neat and tidy on the outside so as to impress people, but how he is not when you get to know him. In the scene where Holden and Stradlater are in the can, and Stradlater is getting ready for a date, Holden describes Stradlaters razor as rusty as hell and full of lather and hair and crap.Another of Holdens run-ins with phonies, came to him while he was in New York City. He was lonely and looking for someone to keep him company, so he calls a girl named Faith Cavendish. He was told about Faith by a friend of his who went to Princeton, Eddie Birdsell. When he calls Faith, she has no desire to talk to him whatsoever, and she makes that quite clear, until Holden drops the name of Eddie, and she instantly perks up at the thought that Holden might be an important person. She asks Holden where hes calling from, and he replies a phone booth, and he tells her that he has no money, and she then tells Holden that she has no time. The wat that Faith changes her mind so quickly when she finds that Holden has no money is a prime example of the phonies Holden encounters. Another general example of what Holden thinks is phony is actors. He talks about how D.B. took Phoebe and him to see Hamlet, and he talks about Sir Laurence Olivier, and how the play would have been good, except that Olivier knew he was good, and that spoils it. Holden says how he cant go to a play and pay attention to what the actor is saying because he has to keep worrying about whether hes going to do something phony every minute.Holden has another incident with phonies when he invites Sally Hayes on a date. Holden takes her to a play, which he considers phony as it is, but then at intermission, Sally meets a man who she hasnt seen for years, and they began a big phony act. Holden says,Youve though that they hadnt seen each other for twenty years they probably even hugged and kissed checks and all. This is the kind of behavior that Holden obviously never grew up with, isnt used to, and doesnt like.Through his experiences in New York City, and his many flings with phony women, Holden grows to believe that everyone in phony in some way. He thinks that the whole world is phony, and its not likely that everyone in the world is corrupted or phony, so is it possible that all the characters in the novel are all really normal and Holden is really the only phony one?

Annotated Bibliography for Journal of Economic Perspectives

Question: Write about theAnnotated Bibliography for Journal of Economic Perspectives. Answer: Shiller, R.J., 2010. Speculative prices and popular models. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4(2), pp.55-65. The author provides the reader with rational expectations, especially in the economic revolution. People hold a lot of expectations for future economic variables, which influence their fundamental purchase behaviors. When prices drop, it is evident that demand in the market increases. Consumers will rush to satisfy their preferences with the affordable commodity at that time. When prices increase, demand decreases, as consumers tend to withdraw their constant purchase behaviors and only consume what is available and affordable at that time. This source highlights the rational expectations model, and the author emphasizes the importance of businesses to relate to gross oversimplification. Profitability will not increase when prices are increased, without considering the purchase ability of prospective consumers. This is a credible source, and the article goes ahead to highlight significance in understanding how the markets work, for the sake of making decisions based on speculations. Market dynamics should be studied and interpreted for business success. IMF. 2017. Supply and Demand: Why Markets Tick Retrieved from: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/suppdem.htm The source provides information in regards to the different forms of transactions which take place in the market. In most cases, buyer seller relationships and availability dictate the market prices, as well as trends which affect the profitability of all market participants. This is a credible source as it explains the different competitive models in the market, such as perfect competition, oligopoly market features, monopolistic market and monopolies which dominate trade in the market. The author provides distinct information in regards to quantities, determining aspects of prices, and what suppliers are willing to offer a different price ranges in the markets. The main benefit of this source is that it complements all other research work in the same field, which makes it credible. This website source helps the reader to understand different price impacts on market demand. The market conditions always need to be safeguarded, not to oppress the small scale trader and at the same tim e, maintain optimal levels of competition. Connor, D. 2017. Why Falling Home Prices Could Be a Good Thing Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/10/upshot/popping-the-housing-bubbles-in-the-American-mind.html This magazine article helps a long way, in helping the reader to understand the market specifics and dynamics which help shape competition and efficient market structures. The author engages the reader in rhetoric. For example, the article begins by asking; supposing there was a way which can be used to pump up the economy, for the sake of reducing inequality, would this be of help in ending depression? This magazine article helps in the identification of the impact of lowering prices both for consumers and businesses. Homes have been used to symbolize the largest assets and the ones considered most significant by the citizens in the nation. While some of these are luxuries, some are necessities such as food and clothing. According to this source, businesses cannot just thrive through a reduction in prices of their commodities. For profitability to be realized, a lot of other strategies need to be combined with a price reduction, for the sake of success. Batra, R.N. and Ullah, A., 2014. Competitive firm and the theory of input demand under price uncertainty. Journal of Political Economy, 82(3), pp.537-548. This journal article is a credible source of information. First, the behavior of the competitive business has been emphasized, as well as the problems facing the same analyzed. Making decisions under tight economic times has proven to be very difficult for most organizations. The input demand function is downward sloping, but this only happens when the production function is also at its best. This source is highly relevant and beneficial to use, considering the ability of the author to examine firm behavior. It also highlights contributions made by other theorists, which makes it entirely relevant. The question of demand, price, and profitability has been approached from different angles. The focus of this source is about the impact of a drop in prices, which may either lead to profitability or losses. Demand and supply functions are essential in determining the profitability of organizations in the competitive industry. Economics. Supply- Demand Market Equilibrium. Retrieved from: https://thismatter.com/economics/market-equilibrium.htm After considerable review of this source, it is evident that it cannot be termed credible in the research process. The topic under consideration has been sufficiently addressed by the source. However, a lot of weaknesses are still evident hence making it less adequate for the process. For example, the source does not have an author who can claim responsibility for the material. It is only website specific but does not have details on its day of publication, author, publisher or even its complementary sources. The source explains how price increases lead to a shortage of buyers, leading to decreased demand in the long run. The aspects of equilibrium quantity and price have also been addressed. There is a need to adhere to all relevant aspects which make a source credible. Data provided in the source is adequate and correct, but cannot be considered peer reviewed. Bibliography Shiller, R.J., 2010. Speculative prices and popular models. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4(2), pp.55-65. IMF. 2017. Supply and Demand: Why Markets Tick. Retrieved from: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/suppdem.htm Conor, D. 2017. Why Falling Home Prices Could Be a Good Thing. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/10/upshot/popping-the-housing-bubbles-in-the American-mind.html Batra, R.N. and Ullah, A., 2014. Competitive firm and the theory of input demand under price uncertainty. Journal of Political Economy, 82(3), pp.537-548. Economics. Supply- Demand Market Equilibrium. Retrieved from: https://thismatter.com/economics/market-equilibrium.htm